Don McChesney
18th
Century Theology
Dr. Westblade
10/3/15
Calm
Before the Storm
The
1730s were a period of preparation as the necessary pieces were moved into
place for the explosion of the Great Awakening in the late 1730Õs and early
1740s. During this period, the
major players of the Great Awakening, George Whitefield, the Wesley brothers,
and Jon Edward, were all developing into leaders who could handle the dramatic
results of the sudden awakening of their parishioners. This decade saw the education and
ordination of both the Wesley brothers and Whitefield as well as the placement
of Jon Edwards into the pulpit.
During this period hearts were sown and the reaping began in
Northampton. Most of the decade
stands as the calm before the breaking of one of the largest storms American
religion ever experiences.
In
1730, John Wesley had just returned to Oxford University as a tutor and started
the ÒHoly ClubÓ which included members of almost every college and focused on
reading the Bible and praying together.[1] During this time, Charles was the first
one to be labeled derisively as a Methodist, but this name soon became a badge
of honor among the group. Despite
running this club and heavily affecting men like Whitefield along the way, John
and Charles did not experience their true conversions until 1738. Charles was the first to experience this
conversion and he described it saying ÒÉGod chased away
the darkness of my unbelief.Ó[2] He
then wrote a hymn expressing his joy at conversion which ends ÒNo condemnation now
I dread, Jesus,
and all in Him, is mine: Alive in Him, my living Head, And clothed in righteousness
Divine, Bold I approach thÕ eternal throne, And claim
the crown, through Christ, my own.Ó[3]
After this point, Wesley devoted his life to missionary work and
preaching. In 1739, John Wesley
followed WhitefieldÕs example and began open air preaching due to his
disagreements with local pastors and lack of room in buildings.
WhitefieldÕs
journey towards his incredible ministry began under the tutelage of John Wesley
at Oxford. In 1734, Whitefield came
to Oxford at the age of 19 and joined John WesleyÕs Holy Club.[4]
Charles Wesley shook his view of Christianity as a church experience and
changed his focus to the individual and personal experience. In 1736 at the
very young age of 23, Whitefield graduated from Oxford and was ordained as an
Anglican Minister. His sermons
enflamed his listeners and he very quickly became a popular speaker in his
area. Over the next year,
Whitefield received multiple letters from the Wesley brothers who had made a
missionary trip to the Georgia and were seeing amazing growth in their
ministry. At this point, Whitefield
began feeling a strong call towards America. Soon after receiving a letter in 1737, Whitefield
decided it was finally time and began making preparations for his trip. It took eight months for him to arrange
the journey but once it was ready he sailed for Georgia. During his first trip to America in 1738,
Whitefield didnÕt make a very large impact.[5] He preached a couple of sermons and
scouted out the land for the Orphanage he wanted to open but besides that he
had a very quiet journey. After the
journey, Whitefield returned to England and began raising support. WhitefieldÕs second journey to America,
one year later, was a very different experience. Upon his return, Whitefield arrived
unannounced but his presence was made known very quickly.
When
Whitefield returned to America, he began the first of his Awakening tours that
would make him the most well known man in the American Colonies. His open air
preaching captivated his audience and led thousands to Christ. He drew the largest crowds America had
ever seen. As Dr. Morgan stated ÒUnder
his moving orations the Great Awakening burst forth in all its power and
flamboyancy.Ó[6] This journey through the
colonies cemented WhitefieldÕs place in American History and was the peak of
the Great Awakening.
During
the same period, while Whitefield and the Wesleys
were preparing for their work, Jonathon Edwards was watching the awakening
unfold before his eyes. In 1737,
Edwards published ÒA Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of GodÓ which
was his attempt to take a scientific approach to the Awakening and provide
proof of the reality of the work. Jonathan
had seen a radical change in his community that surprised him greatly,
especially the growth among the youth.
In his work, Edwards describe this phenomenon saying
ÒAt the latter end of the year 1733, there appeared a very unusual flexibleness,
and yielding to advice, in our young people.Ó[7] Many people were converting and revival
was stirring in all his parishioners, but what surprised him most was the
willingness of the youth to listen to their elders. The youth had taken to staying out late
and ÒfrolickingÓ which in EdwardÕs mind were dangerous and indecent
propositions. Suddenly, the youth
were open to going from their classes to Bible studies and spending their free
time in groups with only members of their own sex. This was a sign to Edwards that God was
moving in Northampton. Besides the
occurrences with the youth, Edwards saw the power of the God working throughout
his region. He described it saying,
ÒThis work seemed to be at its greatest height in this town... At that time,
GodÕs work in the conversion of souls was carried on amongst us in so wonderful
a manner, that, so far as I can judge, it appears to have been at the rate, at
least, of four persons in a day; or near thirty in a week, take one with
another, for five or six weeks together. When God in so remarkable a manner
took the work into his own hands, there was as much done in a day or two as at
ordinary times, with all endeavors that men can use, and with such a blessing
as we commonly have, is done in a year.Ó[8] Jon Edwards was watching the beginning of
the Great Awakening and the fervor that began in Northampton spread throughout
the rest of the nation.
The
1730s was a decade of preparation.
Many of the leaders of the Awakening were developed from young and foolish
students to the wise and inspiring men who led a revival that changed the
culture of American religion forever.
It also saw the beginning of the Awakening itself in the ministry of Jon
Edwards in Northampton and George WhitefieldÕs second journey to America. It set the stage for the Awakening that
would continue in the early 1740s.
Bibliography
Edwards,
Jonathan. "Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume One."
- Christian Classics Ethereal Library. June 1, 2005.
Accessed October 4, 2015.
Green,
Roger. "1738 John & Charles Wesley Experience Conversions." 1738 John & Charles Wesley
Experience Conversions. October 1, 1990.
Accessed October 4, 2015.
Morgan, David. "George Whitefield and the
Great Awakening in the Carolinas and Georgia, 1739-1740." The Georgia
Historical Quarterly 54, no. 4 (1970): 517-39.
N/A
ÒJohn Wesley and the 18th Century WorldÓ
Christian History Institute Issue 2, 1983.
[1] N/A Christian History Institute Issue 2, John
Wesley and the 18th Century World, 1983.
[2] Ibid
[3] Green, Roger.
"1738 John & Charles Wesley Experience Conversions." 1738 John & Charles Wesley Experience Conversions.
October 1, 1990. Accessed October 4, 2015.
[4] Morgan, David.
"George Whitefield and the Great Awakening in the Carolinas and Georgia,
1739-1740." The Georgia Historical Quarterly 54, no. 4 (1970): 518
[5] IBID, 519
[6] IBID, 522
[7] Edwards, Jonathan. "Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume One." - Christian
Classics Ethereal Library. June 1, 2005. Accessed October 4, 2015.
[8]IBID